Moreover, public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War in 1861–1865. Ferguson, in which the Supreme Court laid out its " separate but equal" legal doctrine concerning facilities for African Americans. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful Lily-White Movement of Southern Republicans.
Southern laws were enacted by white " Redeemers"-dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era. Formal and informal segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even if several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American.
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